Now that individual investors can access direct real estate investments, what should they keep in mind regarding the main US commercial real estate (CRE) sectors and their respective outlooks?
To conclude our series, we analyze the prevailing perspectives on the US CRE market and four of its key segments, specifically residential — multifamily, industrial, retail, and office.*
Residential — Multifamily
The United States faces a significant housing unit shortfall. Pre-COVID-19, Fannie Mae data estimated a shortage of 3.8 million homes. New estimates range from 2 to 3 million. While construction starts rose through most of 2021, according to Green Street analysis, the estimated influx of 1.3 million net units after subtracting obsolete properties will not be enough to accommodate the projected 4.7 million household formations.
Real wages have increased across the wealth spectrum, but suitable, affordable housing that costs less than 30% of household income is still out of reach for much of the US population, particularly in leading primary markets. At 63.1%, the US homeownership rate is at a record 53-year low, as millennials, who are of prime age to start families and purchase homes, face far steeper costs than prior generations.
Given the recent surge in housing prices as well as the high (mortgage) interest rate environment and ongoing economic uncertainty, the affordable housing shortage should further fuel near-term demand for rental properties. This could benefit sub-asset classes, such as single-family rental, as an alternative to ownership and, at the most affordable end of the spectrum, manufactured housing.
The US population today is also more mobile than previous generations. Remote and hybrid work and changing family and community structures have prompted greater geographic movement. Knowledge workers may relocate to secondary metros, suburbs, and exurbs at increasing rates in search of lower rent and lower cost of living as well as more space and more favorable tax regimes.
Tech hubs have emerged outside of San Francisco, Seattle, Boston, and other knowledge capital strongholds. With their robust educational institutions, affordability, and business-friendly climates, Salt Lake City, Utah; Phoenix, Arizona; Memphis, Tennessee; Raleigh, North Carolina; and other ascendant cities are attracting knowledge workers and tech businesses. These trends will provide fertile ground for multifamily investors.
Demand for affordable rental housing will grow given the underlying scarcity and elevated inflation. This dynamic accounts for recent growth in real rents — 14% nationally and 20% to 30% in some markets. Since residential leases are usually of shorter duration — often one year — relative to other asset classes, they better capture a portion of inflation, and rents recalibrate more quickly.
Despite an estimated 20% decline in apartment values compared with 2022, according to Green Street’s Commercial Property Pricing Index (May 2023), as rent growth normalizes in the near term, residential units in robust markets may still see additional rent growth.
Industrial
Industrial today has diverse and persistent demand drivers. The COVID-19 consumption boom spurred e-commerce sales growth of almost 40% in 2020, generated nearly 250 million square feet in warehouse demand, and led to global supply chain disruptions. As a result, US industrial is coming off the best two years in its history.
Thanks to COVID-19 quarantines, e-commerce experienced perhaps decades of evolution in two or three years. In the new normal, e-commerce has greater penetration than traditional brick-and-mortar retail and requires three times the square footage, according to Green Street estimates. As such, national market rents grew by more than 40% in the last two years, more than in the previous seven years combined.
Industrial has had historically low vacancy rates — below 5% since 2016 — and sustained elevated demand: Retail sales are up 17% over pre-COVID-19 levels despite inflation, according to Green Street. These strong fundamentals augur well for future performance. Geographically, coastal markets, particularly on the East Coast and Gulf Coast, should have the most valuable investments. Thanks to port expansions and supplier diversification, they have gained 8% in market share over the last five years, according to the American Association of Port Authorities, and US imports are almost evenly divided between both coasts. Many importers shifted volume from West Coast to Gulf Coast and East Coast ports during the pandemic, to the benefit of the latter. But population growth in secondary West Coast markets, California’s large population base, and continued market capture of e-commerce mean there is still significant opportunity for industrial operators in certain West Coast markets. Orange County and the Inland Empire were both in the top five markets for revenue per available square foot (RevPAF) growth in 2022. This was driven by per capita industrial square footages for Amazon fulfillment centers that still lag other key markets throughout the United States. Southern California markets, in particular, also benefit from more stringent barriers to entry for new supply.
Fundamentally, the current capital-constrained market has reduced new construction, with 15% fewer deliveries in 2024 and 2025, according to Green Street estimates. That adds up to approximately 100 million square feet. The sector should be on pace to produce enough new supply to roughly match new demand, with occupancy remaining stable, and otherwise support continued rent growth. Real e-commerce sales remain 50% higher over year-end 2019, and firms are building out traditional and last-mile warehouse facilities to meet increased online sales. This should further help demand keep pace with supply.
While industrial values declined by an estimated 15% compared with 2022, according to Green Street’s Commercial Property Pricing Index (May 2023), industrial investors should look for appealing assets in robust coastal markets with strong rent growth potential. Among the in-demand sub-categories are third-party logistics and last-mile industrial facilities that cater to e-commerce.
Lease structures that index to CPI/inflation could become more common — again, following a prolonged period of low inflation resulting in fixed rent steps — and offer investors a means to offset inflation.
The cold storage sub-sector is worth paying attention to as consumers trend towards fresher, healthier, and better-quality foods delivered in shorter timeframes and as food producers continue to ramp up their production volumes. In line with its overall growth, e-commerce took up a larger share of total US grocery sales, and it is set to rise from 13.0% of sales in 2021 to 21.5% by 2025, showing particular strength within grocery distribution and delivery.
Retail
Years of softening brick-and-mortar retail demand and an oversupplied US retail landscape gave way to mall closures even before COVID-19. With the initial lockdowns, curb-side deliveries, and partial store re-openings, many malls and strip retail centers became obsolete. But those that survived are now more secure. Some benefitted from pre-pandemic repositioning efforts, such as replacing dated anchor tenants with grocery stores, fitness/health/wellness offerings, and other strong foot-traffic generators. Fewer than 50% of the anchor tenants in today’s US malls are traditional department store chains.
While not immune from capital market volatility, strip retail centers generally have a stickier demand base given their focus on local and essential products. Overall, with greater consumer appreciation for traditional retail post-pandemic and a robust US job market, retail sales have kept pace with inflation at 6% growth year-over-year as of Q1 2023, with e-commerce, restaurants, and personal care leading the way, according to Green Street’s May 2023 “Mall Sector Update.” Retail occupancy has stabilized around 94.5%, or about where it was pre-COVID.
But temporary tenants account for a portion of this occupancy, and foot traffic at even the top-tier Class A malls has yet to return to pre-pandemic levels on a consistent basis, according to Green Street. Additionally, consumer spending may slow if price-sensitive shoppers pull back. Although mall valuations recovered somewhat in Q1 2023, they are still 18% down from the March 2022 peak valuation as measured by Green Street’s Commercial Property Price Index.
While the outlook for retail investment is comparatively bearish, some retail assets may have a compelling investment basis, including positioning as a leading regional mall, having the potential for a turnaround into a viable regional center, and/or benefitting from recent consistent foot-traffic drivers and less discretionary offerings, such as food, health, and wellness.
Office
The office sector is under well-documented secular pressure and has suffered greatly since the onset of the pandemic. With the surge in hybrid and remote work, US office utilization plateaued at around 50% in 2022, according to Green Street. There are significant vacancies across several key US markets: New York City has the equivalent of 26.6 Empire State buildings’ worth. Recession fears, layoffs in various industries, and a hawkish US Federal Reserve constitute further headwinds for the sector. This is driving a rethink of the office asset class and a potential evolution towards such all-encompassing lifestyle offerings as Related’s “Hudson Yards” development in New York City.
Developers in other market segments will make partial conversion plays. Aspen Hospitality’s and Tishman Speyer plan to repurpose 10 floors of New York City’s Rockefeller Center office tower into a hotel, for example. Other efforts include zoning legislation reform and public/private partnerships.
Aside from high-quality, fully stabilized properties with long-term credit tenant leases — and rent increases based on inflation — office sector transaction activity has stalled. As a result, Class A office and Class B/B+ asset valuations are down about 30% and as much as 45%, respectively, since Q1 2020, according to Green Street’s Commercial Property Pricing Index (May 2023).
So, where should investors look? We will be exploring value-add opportunities to enhance/(re-)lease viable office properties in strong markets, such as those with a more affordable cost of living, and for (partial) conversions that may offer compelling risk-adjusted returns.
What’s Next? Moving Ahead
“If it bleeds, it leads.”
Or so goes the old journalism saw. Indeed, for the better part of the last year, doom and gloom has been the theme for much of the finance and investing news cycle. But in direct real estate investing, change is both good and inevitable. The US economy’s bull run lasted long enough for a generation to forget the lessons of the global financial crisis (GFC). Ultimately, asset repricing, shifting attitudes, and bloodletting in the capital markets will open up new opportunities for real estate operators.
In the shadow of the GFC, Starwood and BlackRock, among other major asset managers, capitalized on distressed real estate and realized sizeable profits. The world has flattened since then. Thanks to technology and regulatory changes, individual investors can tap into various private-market real estate investments.
When interest rates and inflation stabilize or moderate, the real estate capital markets will rebound. Investors should look to the private/direct CRE market for pricing dislocations, appealing acquisitions, and other opportunities.
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* Sector outlooks reflect content as curated and composed by this article’s authors, and is not intended to be exhaustive but rather aims to provide a general summary of select key themes, thoughts, and drivers, approached from the viewpoint of a singular, private investment. The outlook data is not comprehensive and may omit certain contrary views or differ on a sub-sector/regional basis. Investors are advised to conduct independent research into investment markets, opportunities, and any sector-specific factors that may drive diligenced opportunities. Investment decisions should be made from a portfolio-wide perspective and fit investors’ individual risk appetites/tolerances, and (long-term) investment goals. Singular private commercial real estate investments carry significantly more risk relative to diversified offerings such as portfolios, funds, and/or (public) REITs.
All posts are the opinion of the author. As such, they should not be construed as investment advice, nor do the opinions expressed necessarily reflect the views of CFA Institute or the author’s employer.
Image credit: ©Getty Images / Dobresum
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